Friday, January 31, 2020
Equity & Trusts Essay Example for Free
Equity Trusts Essay Answer: Introduction: In order to create a valid trust, it is necessary to have three certainties of trust, formalities, and perfect constitution. A trust will be perfectly constituted where the rights, which are to form the subject matter of the trust, are vested in the intended trustee. In Knight v Knight[1] Lord Langdale, a private express trust cannot be created unless three certainties are present; these are certainty of intention, certainty of subject matter and certainty of beneficiaries. Settlors specify the number of beneficiaries to create fixed trust, for example a trust in favour of ‘my children’.  In Vandervell v IRC[2], Vandervell’s bank held the legal title to shares on a resulting trust for him and, upon his instructions, transferred them to the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS). The IRC argued that (1) Vandervell had made a valid transfer of the stock to the RCS, despite disposing of his equitable interest without writing, and (2) he had a beneficial interest in the option to purchase, which was extremely valuable. Consequently Vandervell had substantially increased his tax liability. As to (1), it was held that an instruction to transfer the legal title out of a trust completely did not amount to a disposition of an equitable interest, so s. 53(1)(c) of the LPA 1925 did not bite. For (2) and this is the really twisted thinking because Vandervell did not intend to make an outright gift of the benfits that would follow from the exercise of the option to purchase the company stock, he must have intended the trust company to apply those benefits for somebody else. Certainty of intention: Intention is important to create a valid trust. Technical words are not required. The question is whether, on the proper construction of the words are used, the settlor or testator has shown an intention to create a trust and conversely, the use of the word trust does not conclusively indicate the existence of a trust. A precatory expression of hope or desire, or suggestion or request, is not sufficient. Certainty of subject matter: Testamentary gifts have failed where they concerned â€Å"the bulk of my estate,†or â€Å"such parts of my estate as she shall not have sold†or â€Å"remaining part of what is left†or all of my other houses†. In Hunter v Moss, the CA held that a declaration of trust of 50 shares from a holding of 950 did not fail for uncertainty of subject matter. Certainty of beneficiaries: A trust may fail for uncertain beneficiaries. Therefore, the trustees need to be able to identify who the beneficiaries should be, certainty of objects. The requirement for the existence of identified beneficiaries is called the ‘beneficiary Principle’. The ‘beneficiary Principle’ states that a valid trust must be for the benefit of ascertainable individuals- the trust must have beneficiaries. In consequence, equity will not countenance a trust to carry out a purpose since the benefits of carrying out a purpose are not owed to any specific individuals. Hence, the principle is also framed as the ‘no purpose trust’ rule. The ‘beneficiary Principle’ states that a valid trust must be for the benefit of ascertainable individuals- the trust must have beneficiaries. The first objection may be seen in a celebrated dictum of Sir William Grant M.R. in Morice v Bishop of Durham[4]. Every trust has an obligation. [Margaret wilkie Rosalind, Equity Trusts, (2004 -2005), Press. pg 19] This rule similar to ‘privity’ rule of contract law; only parties of the contract may enforce it; even though some third party may benefit from the performance of a contract, that factual benefit alone gives him no interest under the contract, and thus no right to enforce it. In Re Astor’s Settlement Trust[5], Lord Astor purported to create a trust for ‘the maintenance of good understanding between nations and preservation of the independence and integrity of newspapers.’[Ramjohn M. Unlocking Trusts, (2005) Pg 228]. The court held that the trust was void for uncertainty on the ground that the means by which the trustees were to attain the stated aims were un specified and the person who was entitled, as of right, to enforce the trust was unnamed. In the other words, a trust creates rights in favour of the beneficiaries and imposes correlative duties on the trustees. If there were no persons with the power to enforce such rights, then equally there can be no duties imposed on trustees. In IRC v Broadway Cottages Trust[6], it was held that for a trust to be valid the trustees must be able to draw up complete list of the beneficiaries. They had to overcome any conceptual or evidential uncertainties that might arise and locate all the beneficiaries, since otherwise the trust fund could not be properly distributed. It has been recognised, however in Re Gulbenkian[7] and McPhail v Doulton[8] that this test is very appropriate for fixed trusts, but creates unfair and unjust results for discretionary trusts. The nature of a discretionary trust is that allows the trustees to make a reasonable choice between the beneficiaries, and the strict application of the test would be defeat the trust and settlers intention where the majority of the beneficiaries were clearly identified and located but some of them were not. Although the trustee would be able to make a reasonable selection, the ‘complete list’ test would invalid the trust. Lord Wilberforce recognised this as unsatisfactory while giving judgment in McPhail v Doulton: When settlors create discretionary trust, the trustees are required to exercise their discretion to select the beneficiaries from among a class of objects and/or determine the quantum of interest that the beneficiaries may enjoy. The modern test for certainty of objects in respect of discretionary trusts is known as the ‘individual ascertain ability’ test, or the ‘is or is not’ test, or the ‘any given postulant’ test. This test was laid down by the House of Lords in McPhail v Doulton (sub nom Re Baden) and Re Gulbenkian[9]. The test is very appropriate for fixed trusts, but creates unfair and unjust results for discretionary trusts. Although the trustee would be able to make a reasonable selection, the ‘complete list’ test would invalid the trust. Lord Wilberforce recognised this as unsatisfactory while giving judgment in McPhail v Doulton (1971):   ‘The basis for the Broadway Cottages principle is stated that to be that a trust cannot be valid unless, if need be, it can be executed by the court and the court can only execute it by ordering an equal distribution in which every beneficiary shares.’ A new test has been adopted for power and discretionary trusts. This test means that ‘the power will be valid if it can be said with certainty whether any given individual is or is not a member of the class and the power does not simply fail because it is impossible to ascertain every member of the class according to in McPhail v Doulton. In case of Re Hay’s Settlement Trusts[10] the trust may be valid although identify of all the objects is not known. In the case of wide-ranging discretionary trust and the trustee has applied his mind to the ‘size of the problem’ should he then consider in individual cases whether, in relation to other possible claimants, a particular grant is appropriate. In Re Barlow’s Will Trusts[11], the testatrix, by her will, directed her executor to sell her collection of valuable paintings subject to the provision that ‘any member of my family and any friends of mine’ be allowed to purchase any of the paintings at a catalogue price complied in 1970. The executors applied to the court to ascertain whether the direction was void for uncertainty and guidance as to the appropriate method for identifying members of the testatrix’s family. [Hanbury Martin, Modern Equity, 17th Edition, (2005), Pg 95] The Court held that the direction as to ‘friends’ was valid, for the properties were to be distributed in specie and quantum of the gifts did not very with the class. Despite the expression ‘friends’ being conceptually uncertain, the transfer by will amount to a series of individual gifts to persons who satisfied a specific description. The court also gave a guideline on the identification of friend’s family. These are as follows: The relationship with the testatrix was required to be a long standing, The relationship must have been social as opposed to business or professional’, When circumstances permitted, they met frequently. The expression ‘family’ meant a blood relationship with the testatrix. A â€Å"friend†was a person who had a relationship of long standing with the testatrix, which was a social as opposed to a business or professional relationship, and who had met her frequently when circumstance permitted For the benefit of all assiduous lawyers working within the European Union’ are conceptually or sufficiently certain and it is possible to make a complete list of lawyers. However, the list will be too large, so it is possible to fail the trust. The court was prepared to assume that ‘inhabitant’ was sufficiently certain, but held the trust void for administrative unworkability as a class was far too large. In Re Denley’s Settlement Trusts[12], Goff J upheld a trust under which a piece of land was to be used as a recreation ground for the employees of a particular company. Goff J regarded the Subsequent commentary on the case has tended to treat the case as merely one of a particular kind of discretionary trust according to Re Grant’s Will Trusts [13], or as a trust for persons with the purpose being treated merely as a â€Å"superadded†direction or motive for the gift Re Lipinski’s Will Trusts [14]. Thus, the case appears to have been read to deny that it represents a true departure from the beneficiary principle. In Re Lipinski’s will Trusts[15] however; Oliver j followed the principle of Re Denley’s Trust Deed by finding that although a trust for the erection of buildings of the hull Judeans (Maccabi) Association was expressed as a purpose trust. It was in fact for the benefit of ascertainable individuals, namely, the members of the club, and he therefore held the trust to be valid. It was argued that because the testator had made the gift in memory of his late wife, this tented to perpetuity and precluded the association members for the time being from enjoying the gift beneficially. Oliver J rejected this argument. Applying the principle of Re Lipinski’s Will Trusts to this disposition therefore, it might well not fail for certainty of objects. In Re Endacott[16], a testator transferred his residuary estate to the Devon Parish Council ‘for the purposes of providing some useful memorial to myself’. The trust was failed for uncertainty of objects. In Pettingall v pettingall [17], the testator’s executor was given a fund in order to spend â‚ ¤ 50 per annum for the benefit of the testator’s black mare. On her death, any surplus funds were to be taken by the executor. The court held that in the view of the willingness of the executor to carry out the testator’s wishes, a valid trust in favour of the animal was created. The residuary legatees were interested not in the validly of the gift in its failure. In Re Dean[18], the testators directed his trustees to use â‚ ¤ 750 per annum for the maintenance of his horses and hounds should they live so long. It was held that the trust was valid. In Re Kelly[19], the court took the view that lives in being were required to be human lives. In any event, the court is entitled to take judicial notice of the lifetime of animals. In Re Haines, The Times, 7th November 1952, the court took notice that a cat could not live for no longer than 21 years. In Re Thompson[20], the Pettingall principle was unjustifiably extend to uphold a trust form the promotion and furtherance of fox hunting. A trust for the building of a memorial or monument in memory of an individual is not charitable, but may exist as a valid purpose trust if the trustees express a desire to perform the task. In Mussett v Bingle,[21] a testator bequeathed â‚ ¤ 300 to his executors to be used to erect a monument to the testator’s wife’s first husband. The court held that the gift was valid. Similarly, a gift for the maintenance of a specific grave or particular graves may be valid as private purpose trusts but additionally the donor is required to restrict the gift within the perpetuity period, otherwise the gift may be invalidated. In Re Hooper [22], a bequest to trustees on trust to provide ‘so far as they can legally do so’ for the care and upkeep of specified graves in churchyard was upheld as a private trust. The perpetuity period was satisfied by the phase ‘so far as they can legally do so’. Conclusion: Theoretically, according to general rule all four stages required to transfer to be completed before the trust was upheld but practically this principle is relaxed now. To honour the intention of settlor and protect unconscionability, equity use the maxim that equity will perfect an imperfect gift and equity regards, as done that which ought to be done. Bibliography: Hanbury Martin, Modern Equity, 17th Edition, (2005), London: Sweet Maxwell, Pg 95-116 Penner, J. E. The Law of Trusts, 4th Edition, (2004), London: Butterworths, Pg 103- 137 Ramjohn M. Unlocking Trusts, 1st Edition, (2005), Hodder Stoughton, Pg 25-45, 227-236 4)        Margaret wilkie Rosalind, Equity Trusts, (2004 -2005), Oxford University Press. pg 18-36 [1]             (1840) All ER, 3 Beav 148, Ramjohn M. Unlocking Trusts, (2005), Pg 25 [2]             [1967] 2 AC 291, HL [3]             (1994) 1 WLR 452, Margaret wilkie Rosalind, Pg 25-45 [4]         (1804), 9 Ves 399, ER 656, Ramjohn M. Unlocking Trusts, (2005), Pg 228 [5]             (1952) All. ER 1067 Ch 534, Penner, J. E. The Law of Trusts, (2005), Pg 25-45 [6]             (1955) HL, Ch 20 Ramjohn M. Unlocking Trusts, (2005) Pg 37, 38, 42-44 [7]             (1970) AC 508, Penner, J. E. The Law of Trusts, 4th Edition(2005), Hodder Stoughton, Pg 25-45 [8]             (1971) AC 424, Ramjohn M. Unlocking Trusts, 1st Edition, (2005) 39, 42, 115, 122 [9]             (1970) AC 424, Margaret wilkie Rosalind, Equity Trusts, (2004 -2005), [10]           [1982] 1 WLR Penner, J. E. The Law of Trusts, (2004), Pg 103- 137 [11]           (1979) 1 All ER 296 Hanbury Martin, Modern Equity, 17th Edition, (2005), Pg 95-116 [12]           (1969), WLR 457, 1 Ch 373, Ramjohn M. Unlocking Trusts,(2005) pg 233, 243 [13]           [1979] ALL ER 359, Ramjohn M. Unlocking Trusts,(2005) pg 240 [14]           [1976] W.L.R 522, Ch 253, Hanbury Martin, Modern Equity, 17th Edition, (2005) [15]           [1976] W.L. R 457, Ch 235, Hanbury Martin, Modern Equity, 17th Edition, (2005) [16]           (1960) W.L.R. 799 Ch 232, Penner, J. E. The Law of Trusts, (2004), Pg 103- 137 [17]           (1842) 11 Lj Ch 176, Hanbury Martin, Modern Equity, (2005), Pg 95-116 [18]           (1889) All ER, 41 Ch D 552, Margaret wilkie Rosalind, Equity Trusts, (2004 -2005), 23 [19]           [1932], IR 255, Margaret wilkie Rosalind, Equity Trusts, (2004 -2005) pg 19 [20]           [1934] CA, Ch 342, Hanbury Martin, Modern Equity, (2005), Pg 95-116 [21]           [1876] WN. 170, Penner, J. E. The Law of Trusts, (2004), pg. 280 [22]           [1932] WLR. 327 1 Ch 38, Ramjohn M. Unlocking Trusts, 1st Edition, (2005), pg. 232 235
Thursday, January 23, 2020
Creation and Evolution, which do you believe? Essay -- Philosophy, Ori
When thinking about the origin of life, there are two main points one can come to, Intelligent Design or Natural Process (Ken Ham, 2008). â€Å"According to the former view, supernatural intervention was essential for the creation of life; according to the latter, living organisms could form spontaneouslyâ€â€for example, from the mud of the Nile†(Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2006). Creation can be defined as the original bringing into existence of the universe by God (â€Å"Creation†, n.d.). Intelligent design can be defined as â€Å"certain features†(Ken Ham, 2008). Intelligent Design can also be explained by finding features of the earth and explaining them by an intelligent cause ("Intelligent Design", n.d.). Creationism usually starts with religious text and trying to see how science fits with it ("Intelligent Design", n.d). Creation and Intelligent Design are both similar in the way of people believing that there was a purpose in the creation of people (Orgel, Leslie E, 2006). Evolution can be defined as â€Å"Change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation by such processes as mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift†(â€Å"Evolution†, n.d.). â€Å"Through the process of descent with modification, the common ancestor of life on Earth gave rise to the fantastic diversity that we see documented in the fossil record and around us today. Evolution means that we're all distant cousins: humans and oak trees, hummingbirds and whales†(Orgel, Leslie E, 2006) There are two types of evolution, micro and macro. Microevolution is the small change of a species over time (Orgel, Leslie E, 2006). Macroevolution means the big change of a species over time, such as stability and through extinction (Orgel, Leslie E, 2006). This paper will dis... ...ll changing and are still being modified, how so? It says that God created everything in 6 days, not over long periods of million and billions of years. God designed us as organisms in six days, no more any less. In Conclusion, believing in creation affects how one looks on the world and the life that inhabits it. Knowing that God working as Intelligent Designer makes one think that we are put here for a purpose and that each and every one of us has a determined purpose, not that we are accidents. Also believing in creation affects how one could view others, knowing that everyone was created by a designer, one would know that people are not accidents or mistakes. Knowing that creation is the truth and that God created everything one would know that not only humans but the world itself was also created with a purpose, not from some mistake or massive explosion.
Wednesday, January 15, 2020
King Lear Essay
The portrayed role of King widely varies between Shakespeare’s ‘King Lear’ and Sophocles’ ‘Oedipus Rex’ as each has very different approaches to the position. As the plays continue however we can also draw similarities between Oedipus and King Lear. As we begin with the play ‘Oedipus Rex’ we get our first impressions of the Oedipus from the way he addresses his people, we immediately see his paternal leadership coming through as he addresses his people as ‘My children’, this is important to the reader/audience as it helps us see that he takes responsibility and sees importance in protecting his people. He also shows that there is no distance between him and his people when he says ‘I hear prayers for the sick’ this is important as it shows that not only does he hear the calls for help which shows he is in close contact but he also shows he is a hands on King as he reacted to it and is looking to help. We can compare this to the leadership of King Lear who in the opening that the King has a less enthusiastic approach to his kingdom, we learn this from the conversation from Kent and Gloucester, ‘the division of the kingdom’ shows there is far from the closeness that is experienced in Thebes, by dividing the kingdom the King is creating a competitive environment and weakens the nation considerably, this being said we can see that King Lear is not the ideal leader. The next indication of a good king is how his people address him, with the two kings it is very different indeed, by looking at the Priest who acts as the representative of the people of Thebes we learn a great deal. Immediately we can see that the fact the priest has approached the king he as confidence that the calls for help will be heard. The priests use of language is important to understand Oedipus as a king, ‘wallowing aimlessly in a sea of blood’ is an obvious over exaggeration but it also states that they look to the king as a guide, the word wallowing suggests aimless movements, Oedipus is the obvious sense of direction for Thebes, this responsibility is placed upon the king is greatly informing as without reading on we can safely assume the king has before been in the position where he has to direct his kingdom and been successful and has gained the respect and confidence of his people. To measure Oedipus’ leadership we can again compare it to that of King Lear, immediately we have seen his wishes to split his country and his terminology ‘our darker purpose’ suggests secretive acts from his people and that he has ulterior motives. We also see that Lear is planning for his early retirement, this is another indication of a poor King, it was strongly believed that Kings were appointed by God and therefore could only be freed of the burden by God, a King who makes actions to give up his role is acting not only against his people but also his faith, this highlights the scale of his selfishness and terrible leadership. Language is of high relevance to the portrayal of Oedipus as a King, the praise directed at him by the Priest is very interesting to note when comparing the two Kings with regards to what is the right and wrong way to rule a kingdom. It becomes clear to the audience that Oedipus adopts a democratic ruling as the priest says ‘if we choose’ in context this is highly respectable as democracy is a fairly modern concept and for Greece and Oedipus to have already created such methods shows great innovation and fantastic consideration for their people. To strengthen the abnormality of giving people choice we only need to look again to the Shakespeare’s King Lear, as he divides his kingdom there is no consideration for people’s choice and wishes, ‘unburthened crawl towards death’ shows his reluctance to face up to his responsibilities as a King to protect his people and keep a united nation, instead he is too besotted with personal gain, he splits his nation without regard for his people but also on a smaller scale he splits his family, ‘which of you shall we say doth love us most? This openly creates conflict, creates divisions between his daughters which is the same effect his choice will have on his kingdom. A further example of Oedipus as a strong king comes when the Priest claims he is good at the ‘business of the state’ and has a mind ‘that touches eternity, not only does this show he is very wise, has knowledge beyond measure but it shows that he does not just enjoy the glamorous aspect of his role, he understands and appreciates the importance of the ‘business of the state’ to the smooth running of his kingdom. This being said however we do learn of a slight irrationality of Oedipus where the audience is told that he sends his brother to look to the Gods for answers as to what he should do, despite the fact he operates a particularly strong democratic system for its time and has the people of Theses backing with every word and decision it seems highly surprising he leaves decisions to fate. This particular area is the only common ground that can be found between Oedipus and King Lear, even though King Lear blatantly shows little logic, as can be seen where he divides his kingdom in attempt to bring it together. Another example of his lack of reason and logic shows itself as he first banishes his youngest most loved daughter Cordelia as he coldly says she is ‘a stranger to my heart’, this is a prime example of the weak King but also character Lear is, as both a king and father he enjoys the flattering as he demands the daughters to tell him who loves him more and when he hears an answer which he doesn’t like he reacts irrationally and banishes Cordelia from his Kingdom that he was once willing to give the larger share to only if she flattered him. Similarly, a voice of reason and logic comes through Kent but he is halted by King Lear as he threatens Kent with his life by saying ‘Kent, on thy life, no more’ again this is an example of his poor skills when in confrontation, Kent tries to make King Lear see sense but by saying something he doesn’t want to hear he is threatened with his life. There are many techniques used by both Shakespeare and Sophocles which both display examples of ruling, from the democratic Oedipus to the irrational leadership of King Lear.
Tuesday, January 7, 2020
Essay about Business Ethics Issues in the Movie Boiler Room
Business ethics issues in the movie â€Å"Boiler room†Business comprises principles and standards that guide behavior in the world of business. Stakeholders-investors, customers, interest groups, employees, the legal system, and the community often determine whether a specific behavior is right or wrong, ethical or unethical. Judgments of these groups influence society’s acceptance or rejection of a business and it’s activities. Every business has a social responsibility toward society. That means to maximize positive affects and minimize negative affects on the society. Social responsibilities includes economic-to produce goods and services, that society needs at the price, that satisfy both-business and consumers, legal†¦show more content†¦Issues related to fairness and honesty often arises in business, because many participants believe that business is a game or o warship and has his own rules. The movie â€Å"Boiler room†was a good example of the company, which doesn’t believe in such thing as business ethics. In the beginning of the movie we see our main character â€Å"running†a home casino, which is not legal, but it is not such a big ethics issue. I think gambling is just passing time just like other hobbies. Nobody was promoting it or forcing people to come and gamble. Costumers chose to come themselves and had a good time, nobody was complaining. There was the only problem, the establishment was illegal, so the â€Å"owner†put himself to risk, and if he will get caught he will go to jail. In my opinion, this part of the movie did not have business ethics issue. I think all the problems began then our guy started the new carrier as a broker in unknown brokerage firm. The institution there he started his carrier as a stock investment broker had no such thing as business ethics. The place did not look right from the beginning. First of all bosses where rude to employees. While interviewing candidates manager was very ignorant to his staff members. I don’t think that employers should treat their employees this way, on the other hand all guys accepted it, which shows, that they don’t haveShow MoreRelatedBoiler Room1312 Words  | 6 PagesThe Boiler Room The movie The Boiler room is about a young man who has dropped out of Queens College and wants to please his father, who is a federal judge who is extremely harsh. At his father s persistence, Seth Davis closes down a casino he operated in his house for college students and seeks a new job. Thinking he would be pleasing his father he takes a job at a small brokerage firm called JT Marlin. At JT Marlin trainees make cold calls to lists of well-paid men, and then apply high-pressureRead MoreMovie Analysis : Wolf On Wall Street 1674 Words  | 7 PagesLane Kocovsky August 14th, 2015 Film Critque Disregard for Ethics In any given movie that one may watch, you can break it down and look at the philosophical meaning behind it and create an ethical perspective. One could take bits and pieces of the movie and compare them to the ethical theories of either one or multiple theorists, with the goal being to create a better understanding of what the film’s ethical basis is and how exactly they incorporate the theorist’s ideas into the film. One ofRead MoreStrategy Management18281 Words  | 74 Pages Strategic Management CONCEPTS CASES FRANK T. ROTHAERMEL Georgia Institute of Technology rot12737_fm_i-xlvi.indd iii 17/11/11 7:37 PM Confirming Pages STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT: CONCEPTS AND CASES Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10020. Copyright  © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproducedRead MoreBackground Inditex, One of the Worlds Largest Fashion Distributors, Has Eight Major Sales Formats - Zara, Pull and Bear, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Stradivarius, Oysho, Zara Home Y Kiddys Class- with 3.147 Stores in 70100262 Words  | 402 Pagessooner, but you fill my heart with laughter and my days with love and I am grateful for every moment. Beatrice Kogg Lund, January 2009 Executive summary Background and purpose of the thesis The issues that stakeholders today are bringing to the corporate agenda are diverse indeed, ranging from issues pertaining to environmental sustainability, human rights, workers’ health and safety, community welfare and the spread of HIV/AIDS. From a corporate perspective this brings challenges that reach farRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words  | 1351 PagesOur thanks go to Janice Nunn for all the effort that she put in to the preparation of the manuscript. Strategic Marketing Management Planning, implementation and control Third edition Richard M.S. Wilson Emeritus Professor of Business Administration The Business School Loughborough University and Colin Gilligan Professor of Marketing Sheffield Hallam University and Visiting Professor, Northumbria University AMSTERDAM †¢ BOSTON †¢ HEIDELBERG †¢ LONDON †¢ NEW YORK †¢ OXFORD PARIS †¢ SAN DIEGO
Monday, December 30, 2019
King John as an Example of the Early Works by William Shakespeare
King John as an Example of the Early Works by William Shakespeare Creative heritage of William Shakespeare in the sphere of theatrical plays can be roughly divided into three main genres, each of which correlate to a certain period of his development as a writer, namely: early historical dramas, comedies and tragedies. One of the most vivid examples of his early works is â€Å"King John†. The given drama is the only Shakespearean play of the historic character, which is based not on the historic sources, but on another play of an anonymous writer popular in the folk theater at that time. However, the plot of the play refers to the time of the reign of King John, who, being provoked by his callous mother, took the throne, which had legally belonged to his nephew, and mercilessly forced the young boy into death by keeping him in a remote castle. Being one of his earliest dramas, King John does not possess the refined perfection of the poets later works. We cannot imagine it being performed on stage nowadays, as it possesses neither the unity of action, nor the distinct and clear development of the storyline. Moreover, a gloomy atmosphere, which is not generally characteristic of Shakespeares works, and an excessive attention, paid to the political matters of that time, make it difficult even for the reader to keep in line with the plot. However, the talent of Shakespeare is fully demonstrated in the characters he created: greedy, cruel, longing for authority and power John and wise, kind and gentle Arthur make an ideal manifestation of the classical villain and hero antagonism. To make the effect more dramatic, Shakespeare made twelve-year-old Arthur even younger, than he was in reality, which resulted in the creation of a wonderful image of a courageous child, full of dignity, who opposes the totally corrupted adult. Despite numerous artistic drawbacks, King John represents an interesting period in the creative activity of William Shakespeare showing the fully developed vivid characters and outlining a key theme of power and betrayal, which will be further developed in his later works.
Saturday, December 21, 2019
Essay about Foreign Policy - Roosevelt Corollary - 1109 Words
The Roosevelt Corollary greatly affected American foreign policy. It was in sharp contrast to the Monroe Doctrine, put in place to stop foreign intervention with the American continents. In 1823 President Monroe implemented US policy that stated European powers were not allowed to colonize or interfere with the newly budding United States or the Americas. In 1904 President Roosevelt expanded upon this policy in response to European intervention with Latin America. This policy became known as the Roosevelt Corollary. The document echoed the style of leadership President Roosevelt became synonymous with. This more aggressive form of policy became known as Big Stick Diplomacy. Foreign policy in the United States would forever be†¦show more content†¦The economy was expanding and the US became more interested in the well being of surrounding economies. The Dominican Republic was in debt to various European nations at this time. They were having problems paying their deb ts and chose to stop paying them. In response to this issue, President Theodore Roosevelt formulated an extension to the Monroe Doctrine. The Roosevelt Corollary, as it became to be known, gave the US the power to intervene with European powers coming west in an attempt to collect debts.2 The fear was that Europe, in an attempt to collect debts, would occupy and control the country in debt. With the Panama Canal on the scope, this would hinder economic stimulus in the US. President Roosevelt’s beliefs are best captured in the Corollary when he stated: It is not true that the United States feels any land hunger or entertains any projects as regards the other nations of the Western Hemisphere save such as are for their welfare. All that this country desires is to see the neighboring countries stable, orderly, and prosperous. Any country whose people conduct themselves well can count upon our hearty friendship. If a nation shows that it knows how to act with reasonable efficiency and decency in social and political matters, if it keeps order and pays its obligations, it need fear no interference from the United States.Show MoreRelatedTheodore Roosevelt And William Howard Taft1501 Words  | 7 Pages we will analyze the terms of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft, cutting through narratives of their tenures to truly delineate their comparability. Through a comprehensive analysis of these two leaders on the subjects of foreign policy, we begin to parse out many similarities and differences between these two early 20th centu ry leaders. First, we will look at aspects of Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency as they pertain to issues of foreign policy and diplomacy. Famous for his â€Å"cowboy demeanor†Read MoreProgressivism : A Great Number Of Urban Middle Class1722 Words  | 7 PagesThananun Prasertsup (Nine) History Research 420 Word Count: Progressivism in the Roosevelt Corollary From 1900 to about 1920, a great number of urban middle class people began to consider problems created by urbanization, class conflict, immigration, corruption, etc. This broad movement had large effects on American politics and the name of this time, known as the Progressive Era. Not only did the progressive movement happen in the era, Latin American economic crises also occurred. Venezuela wasRead MoreThe Big Stick Policy763 Words  | 4 PagesThe Big Stick Policy â€Å"Speak softly and carry a big stick,†this was the slogan that president Theodore Roosevelt Used to describe the Big Stick policy. This sentence led to the foreign policy that Roosevelt deployed during his presidency hence the name â€Å"Big Stick†Policy. This policy meant that the U.S. should be fair in its dealings with other countries but must always be ready to protect its own interests or in other word negotiating peacefully while simultaneously threatening with the â€Å"big stick†Read MoreRoosevelts Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Essay1103 Words  | 5 PagesBefore considering Professor X’s assertion that the Roosevelt Corollary actually corrupted the Monroe Doctrine’s â€Å"benevolent intent,†it is worth considering whether or not the Monroe Docterine was as benevolent as the unnamed professor seems to suggest. Professor X considers Monroe’s 1823 Doctrine an act of benevolence, in which an increasingly dominant wor ld power generously extends protection over its continental neighbors. Yet the Professor ignores the inherently imperialistic subtext thatRead More Roosevelt Essay728 Words  | 3 Pages Theodore Roosevelt is said to have been one of the greatest presidents ever. Theodore Roosevelt expanded the role of the presidency into foreign affairs by using The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, this stated that the U.S. had the right to oppose European intervention in the western hemisphere and also to intervene itself in the domestic affairs of its neighbors. This was brought about when the government of Venezuela stopped paying their debts to European bankers. As a result EuropeanRead MoreRoosevelt Corollary Of The Doctrine1495 Words  | 6 PagesRoosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine Theodore Roosevelt, often referred to as Teddy was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909. Born October twenty-seventh, 1858, Manhattan, New York City and died January 6, 1919 Cove Neck, NY. The second of four children, His father, Theodore, Sr., was a well-to-do businessman and philanthropist. His mother, Martha Mittie Roosevelt, was a SouthernerRead MoreRoosevelt Corollary Of The Doctrine1245 Words  | 5 PagesRoosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine Theodore Roosevelt, often referred to as â€Å"Teedie†(Watts 1) was an American statesman, explorer, naturalist, author, soldier, and a reformer who served as the twenty-sixth President of the United states from 1901 to 1909. Roosevelt was born October twenty-seventh, 1858 in Manhattan, New York City and died January sixth 1919 Cove Neck, NY. (Watts 1) He was the second of four children, his father, Theodore Sr. was a businessman and philanthropist. His motherRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt s Influence On Latin America1290 Words  | 6 Pages Theodore Roosevelt was a President known for a very dynamic and progressive administration, and his foreign policy in Latin America was no exception. His policies in Latin America were beneficial for the rapidly growing United States, but left an impact on Latin America that was both positive and negative. President Roosevelt took past policies of the United States, such as the unenforced Monroe Doctrine of 1823, and amended them to hav e the backing of the Navy in the early 1900s. One particularRead MoreUS Foreign Policy During the 20th Century797 Words  | 4 PagesStates, specific foreign policies have affected the methods in which the U.S. involves itself around the globe. Specifically, certain policies have affected U.S. involvement in Latin America. It is the intention of this essay to explain the United States foreign policy behind specific doctrines. In order to realize current objectives, this paper will proceed as follows: Part 1 will define the Monroe Doctrine, Sections 2, 3, 4, and 5 will concurrently explicate the Roosevelt Corollary, Good NeighborRead MoreEssay about Dollar Diplomacy1577 Words  | 7 Pagessovereignty. In 1934, as part of his Good Neighbor policy, Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt supported abrogation of the amendments provisions except for U.S. rights to the naval base. In the Roosevelt Corollary (1904) to the Monroe Doctrine the United States assumed an international police power in cases where Latin-American insolvency might lead to European intervention. Foreign intervention in Latin American resurfaced as an issue in U.S. foreign policy at the turn of the century as European governments
Friday, December 13, 2019
Strategic Development Allied Irish’s Banks Free Essays
The primary objective of the Allied Forces in Africa was to make the most of ready Allied forces in an operation equal with current capabilities to relieve pressure on the Russians. â€Å"Other objectives of the operation were to gain French Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia as a base for enlisting the French colonial empire in the war, to assist the British in destroying Axis forces threatening Egypt and Suez, to open the Mediterranean to Allied shipping, to shorten the route to the Far East, and to prepare the way for further operations against the European Axis The objectives of Operation Torch were to secure French North Africa and then strike Eastwards and take Rommel’s German Italian Panzer Army in the rear. 1 With 65,000 Allied troops and around 650 Warships under the overall command of Comander In Chief Eisenhower it was to strike in French Morocco and Algeria and later link up with Montgomery’s Eighth Army. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Development Allied Irish’s Banks or any similar topic only for you Order Now The North African Campaign of the Second World War was extremely important because it was the only land based fight that the Allies could take to the Axis powers from September 1940 until the invasion of Sicily in July 1943. It was very important in strategic terms with the Mediterranean, and the British African Empire at stake. The North African Campaign drew Axis forces away from the Eastern Front and Fortress Europe (Axis defenses against Allied invasion of European mainland from Britain), but for the Allies it also served to delay the ‘Second Front’ that Stalin so desperately wanted to see . II Russia’s Strategy Against Germany Late in 1943, Stalin met with Roosevelt and Churchill for the first time  The Teheran Conference. They agreed that the Western Allies would invade France in June 1944 and that when the invasion began the USSR would launch a new offensive from the east . On April 23, 1945, Soviet troops reached Berlin  with over one million men and more than 20,000 pieces of artillery. A few days later, Soviet troops advancing from the East met up with U. S. troops advancing from the west at the Elbe River . On April 23, 1945, Soviet troops reached Berlin  with over one million men and more than 20,000 pieces of artillery. A few days later, Soviet troops advancing from the East met up with U. S. troops advancing from the west at the Elbe River. On April 30, as the Soviets were battling through the streets of his city, Adolph Hitler killed himself. On May 2, 1945, Soviet troops completed the capture of Berlin and all remaining German troops surrendered within a few days. The war in Europe was over III The Storming of Normandy On June 6, 1944 the Western Allies landed in northern France, opening the long-awaited â€Å"Second Front†against Adolf Hitler’s Germany. Though they had been fighting in mainland Italy for some nine months, the Normandy invasion was in a strategically more important region, setting the stage to drive the Germans from France and ultimately destroy the National Socialist regime . The invasion of Normandy in 1944 was the conclusion of three years of planning by Allied forces in Britain. Landing in the face of determined German resistance, units of the British Commonwealth and U. S. armies established a beachhead, defeated German counter-attacks, and eventually broke out into an aggressive campaign to liberate France. â€Å"Commanded by U. S. Army General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Normandy assault phase, code-named â€Å"Neptune†(the entire operation was â€Å"Overlord†), was launched when weather reports predicted satisfactory conditions on 6 June. Hundreds of amphibious ships and craft, supported by combatant warships, crossed the English Channel behind dozens of minesweepers. They arrived off the beaches before dawn. Three divisions of paratroopers (two American, one British) had already been dropped inland. Following a brief bombardment by ships’ guns, Soldiers of six divisions (three American, two British and one Canadian) stormed ashore in five main landing areas, named â€Å"Utah†, â€Å"Omaha†, â€Å"Gold†, â€Å"Juno†and â€Å"Sword†. After hard fighting, especially on â€Å"Omaha†Beach, by day’s end a foothold was well established†. How to cite Strategic Development Allied Irish’s Banks, Papers
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